%PDF-1.4 % 1 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 1 /Kids [ 2 0 R ] >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /QuickPDFF2da3c44c 72 0 R /QuickPDFF0dffc186 121 0 R >> >> /Contents [ 5 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R /Metadata 122 0 R >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Producer (Debenu Quick PDF Library 11.15 \(www.debenu.com\)) /Creator (Debenu Quick PDF Library 11.15 \(www.debenu.com\)) /CreationDate (D:20170615105900+02'00') /ModDate (D:20170615105900+02'00') >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Length 3047 /LC /iSQP >> stream 0 Tr /QuickPDFF0dffc186 14 Tf 0 0 0 rg 100 Tz 0 Tw 0 Tc 0 Ts BT 1 0 0 1 82.7588 770.8329 Tm (Development of GNSS Positioning Technique for Improving Positioning)Tj 1 0 0 1 183.1178 752.1709 Tm (Accuracy Under Urban Environments)Tj ET /QuickPDFF0dffc186 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 114.7408 717.2179 Tm (Kazuki Sakai, Basara Miyahara, Yohei Hiyama and Tomoaki Furuya \(Japan\))Tj ET /QuickPDFF0dffc186 12 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 675.495 Tm 15.996 TL (Key words: )' ET /QuickPDFF2da3c44c 12 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 141.7323 675.495 Tm 15.768 TL (GNSS/GPS)' ET /QuickPDFF0dffc186 12 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 647.1486 Tm 15.996 TL (SUMMARY)' ET /QuickPDFF2da3c44c 12 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 618.8021 Tm 15.768 TL (Accuracy of GNSS positioning is easily degraded under severe conditions such as urban streets)' (surrounding by tall buildings which block GNSS signals. In order to improve accuracy of GNSS)' (positioning under such environments, we have selected four promising techniques from previous)' (studies and improved them to develop new techniques for improving fixing rates at ambiguity)' (resolution. First technique is cutoff mask which is developed from distribution of surrounding)' (obstacles blocking GNSS signals. The distribution is identified from photos over the sky, and the)' (elevation cutoff mask for the sites are individually developed and applied for GNSS positioning.)' (Second technique is another cutoff mask which is also developed from distribution of surrounding)' (buildings blocking GNSS signals. The distribution is identified from 3D maps of surrounding)' (buildings. Third is quality check of observation data utilizing L1 and L2 Doppler observables. If the)' (observation data contains noises such as multipath, L1 and L2 Doppler observables become)' (inconsistent. Once the quality check detects inconsistency between L1 and L2 Doppler observables,)' (the data is determined as bad observation and rejected. These three techniques enable observers to)' (select proper satellites for more stable and accurate positioning by identifying and rejecting)' (observation data of bad quality. The last technique is algorithm of ambiguity fixing utilizing)' (Doppler observable. Once ambiguity is fixed, ambiguity of the next epoch can be resolved more)' (stably in case the position at the epoch is appropriately estimated. Doppler observables are used for)' (the estimation of the position at the next epoch. We report the status and first result of the)' (development in the paper.)' ET /QuickPDFF2da3c44c 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 150.7097 Tm 13.14 TL (__________________________________________________________________________________________)' ()' (Development of GNSS Positioning Technique for Improving Positioning Accuracy Under Urban Environments \(8784\))' (Kazuki Sakai, Basara Miyahara, Yohei Hiyama and Tomoaki Furuya \(Japan\))' ()' (FIG Working Week 2017)' (Surveying the world of tomorrow - From digitalisation to augmented reality)' (Helsinki, Finland, May 29June 2, 2017)' ET endstream endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 316 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xMRKnCAۿSpk`y^Uu[jIɒT%C/:b}Rx\%=
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